A musculoskeletal model of the human lower extremity: The effect of muscle, tendon, and moment arm on the moment- angle relationship of musculotendon actuators at the hip, knee and ankle.

A musculoskeletal model of the human lower extremity for computer simulation studies of musculotendon function and muscle coordination during movements is developed. This model incorporates the salient features of muscle and tendon, specifies the musculoskeletal geometry and musculotendon parameters of 18 musculotendon actuators, and defines the active isometric moment of these actuators about the hip, knee, and ankle joints in the sagittal plane.