'Observational surveys' do not require the active involvement of the public; their 'observations' are usually conducted automatically or by trained survey staff. They include a wide range of traffic studies. Inventory field surveys provide information about various aspects of the components of a comprehensive transport system such as roads, on-street and off-street parking and loading facilities, public transport infrastructure, facilities for cyclists and pedestrians, inland waterways, freight facilities, and traveller facilities. Condition surveys include those relating to road surfaces, road lighting, and traffic signs. Traffic flow surveys include manual and automatic vehicle counts, vehicle weight surveys, and spot speed surveys. Journey speed, travel time and delay surveys are conducted over sections of road network for various applications, and use stationary and moving observer methods. Origin-destination cordon and screenline surveys can build up a useful picture of local traffic movements. Parking use surveys are essential to formulating parking policy and managing car parks. Surveys of pedestrians, cyclists and public transport use are valuable in designing the corresponding facilities and services. Environmental impact surveys include surveys of noise, air quality, visual impact, and severance. For the covering abstract, see IRRD 892228.
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