This paper investigates the effects of fiscal measures such as road tolls and parking charges for balancing the road transport demand and supply. The road-based transport supply is referred to as the road capacities in the study network and the number of parking spaces in each traffic zone. A bi-level programming model is proposed to determine the optimal road tolls and parking charges required, in which the elasticity effects of road congestion and parking delays on road transport demands are considered explicitly. The lower-level problem is an equilibrium trip distribution/assignment problem with elastic trip production and attraction, while the upper-level problem seeks to maximise the net user benefit (or consumer surplus) by considering motorists' travel choice behaviour and satisfying the road transport supply constraints. A heuristic sensitivity-based solution algorithm is developed to solve the proposed bi-level problem and is illustrated in a numerical example. (Author/publisher) For the covering entry of this conference, please see ITRD abstract No. E208120.
Samenvatting