Planning sample sizes for before-after accident comparisons.

Before-and-after safety studies are becoming more desirable in lieu of traditional cross-sectional studies in establishing crash modification factors, especially after the introduction of the first version of the Highway Safety Manual (2010). The authors present a simple method for estimating necessary sample sizes to obtain a target precision or power when the effect is represented as a proportional change in a Poisson rate. They also show that necessary sample sizes are not very different when full Bayesian models are implemented. (A) Reprinted with permission from Elsevier.