Relevance of planning techniques to decision-making.

There are the following shortcomings in transportation models: (1) models are too time-consuming and too expensive to operate; (2) models do not a very good job of covering the impact elements or the total cost elements of the alternatives under consideration; (3) too much time is spent on the mode itself; (4) models fail to give short run answers; (5) modelers become so wrapped up in technical aspects that they loose perspective. "Total technique" models to solve these problems are proposed.