This paper briefly reviews key European and American vehicle emission models including NAEI, COPERT, HBEFA, ARTEMIS and MOBILE. Their databases, modelling approaches, strengths, shortcomings and their relevance to New Zealand are discussed. The classification and application of vehicle emission models are also summarised. Some traffic situation models, especially the recently-released ARTEMIS model, seem to have some advantages as they can simulate driving dynamics in a more reliable but relatively simple way. The ARTEMIS database is probably the most comprehensive one developed to date. Two New Zealand models are also reviewed: the Ministry of TransportÆs VFEM dating from 1998 and the Auckland Regional CouncilÆs more recent VEPM. It is believed that these NZ models have significant room for improvement, especially as to the accuracy of emission factors for the unique NZ vehicle fleet. The paper identifies the issues associated with the NZ models and recommends possible ways for improving them. Furthermore, emission data for heavy-duty vehicles are especially scarce for the New Zealand fleet and collection of these data should be given priority. (a) For the covering record of the conference, please refer to ITRD no. E218380.
Samenvatting