A number of propulsion technologies are assessed in this report regarding their potential to improve the road transport sustainability. These technologies are distinguished into internal combustion, hybrid, and electric vehicle propulsion systems. Each category is further distinguished into more technologies, which are expected to appear in variable degrees as road transport propulsion systems. All technologies have been evaluated following a structured group of criteria. These criteria are assumed to offer a holistic view of the sustainability of each technology. Key technological characteristics for each propulsion system are described. Also, their applicability to different vehicle types (power-two-wheelers, passenger cars, light commercial vehicles, busses, and heavy duty trucks) is assessed based on the cost, space requirements and performance of each technology. Biofuelling possibilities, using first and second generation biofuels, are considered an asset and the potential of each technology is examined. An effort has been made to provide quantified information o efficiency, GHG emissions and costs (including externalities) for each technology. Both the current trends and the expected situation are outlined, in an effort to accurately reflect the current status and the potential of each technology. (Author/publisher)
Samenvatting