This study investigates competitive equilibrium between road pricing and parking charging when the responses of road users and the equity issue of road pricing are taken into consideration. To determine the equilibrium, amulti-objective bi-level programming model with an equity constraint is presented. The lower level is a time-dependent network equilibrium problem with elastic demand that simultaneously considers road users' choice of departure time, route, and parking location, and the upper level is a multi-objective program that maximises the social welfare of the system with an equity constraint and the total revenue of the car park operator. A penaltyfunction approach that is embedded by a multi-objective simulated annealing method is developed to solve the problem. A numerical example is used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the methodology. For the covering abstract see ITRD E144727. Reprinted with permission of Elsevier.
Samenvatting