Toward Developing an Approach for Alerting Drivers to the Direction of a Crash Threat.

Effective cuing of the crash threat direction in automobiles equipped with multiple crash avoidance systems may help the driver avoid the crash. Because the driver may not be looking in the direction of a visual crash alert, this study explored the potential for auditory and haptic spatial cuing approaches to alert drivers to the direction of a crash threat. A total of 32 drivers in an in-traffic study were asked to verbally report alert direction in the absence of any crash threats. Driver localization accuracy and response time were examined as a function of eight alert locations surrounding the vehicle and four directional alert approaches (auditory, haptic, haptic and auditory, and haptic and nondirectional auditory). The auditory directional alert approach used four speakers and broadband alert sounds, and the haptic directional alert approach used vibrations generated at various locations on the bottom of the driver's seat. Results showed that, relative to the auditory alert approach, the three approaches that included the haptic seat alert component reduced correct localization response times by 257 ms and increased percentage correct localization from 32% to 84%, relative to the auditory alert approach. These findings indicate that seat vibration alerts are a promising way to direct attention to a potential crash situation.