In this study, external costs of transport in Turkey including accidents, air pollution and climate change subtitles has been estimated for the year 2007. WTP and human capital methods used for the calculation of external costs of accidents. WTP method has been used for international comparisons, whereas human capital used only for the estimation of human capital losses due to transport accidents in Turkey. Impact Pathway Approach used for air pollution costs and avoidance costs method used for climate change costs. Regarding air pollution and climate change costs, estimations made according to low, medium and high scenarios. According to medium scenario the total external costs of transport in Turkey for the year 2007 was estimated at 2007 prices as 20.6 billion TL (11.6 billion €), which was 19.73 TL (11.1 billion €) according to low scenario and 22.93 billion TL (12.9 billion €) by high scenario. Relying on the medium scenario, in year 2007 the total external costs of transport was estimated as the 20 % of transport income of GDP and 2.4 % of total GDP in Turkey. Considering the medium scenario, the bulk of the costs were accounted by transport accidents with a share of 74 %, followed by air pollution with 15 % and climate change with 11 %. Regarding the share of transport modes in total costs, road transport contributed with 94 %, followed by air transport with 3 % , maritime % 2, and railway transport with 1 % . According to human capital method, which was used as the alternative of WTP method for the accident costs, the total human capital cost of deaths caused by all transport accidents in Turkey was estimated as 1 053 929 755 TL (592 701 389 €) in year 2007. (Author/publisher)
Samenvatting