Urban tolls and public transport ticketing interoperability.

Up to now, few experiments have explored the advantages, the possibilities, the conditions and the effects of a combined system allowing a citizen to choose and use day after day his car or a bus to perform his trip with the same electronic payment card. These experiments are generally small scale, and often on a simulation basis only. Other experiments have shown interest from a political point of view to manage in a consistent way bus fares and the value of the requested toll level for car drivers. The results of such experiments are discussed. (A*)