Urgent and comprehensive planning for low-income urban areas.

There is an urgent need to raise the incomes in lower income nations. Effective transport can assist in this process by expanding the labour market available to workers. Some lower-income nations seek to emulate public transport strategies from high-income urban areas. These strategies, however, have produced counterproductive results. Lower-income urban areas would do well to focus on less expensive strategies that expand mobility and access for larger numbers of people. For the covering abstract see ITRD E116619.