Graduated Driver Licensing (GDL) programs have proven effective in reducing teen driving fatalities. GDL programs gradually and progressively introduce young drivers to driving through a three-stage program which typically comprises (1) a “learner” stage, in which driving is only allowed with a licensed adult driver such as a parent or driving instructor in the vehicle; (2) an “intermediate” or “provisional” stage, in which unsupervised driving is allowed but is subject to restrictions (typically restrictions on driving at night and carrying passengers other than family members); and (3) full licensure. As concern has grown about distracted driving, particularly in relation to cell phone use, most states have implemented a law prohibiting drivers of all ages from text messaging while driving, and many states also prohibit hand-held cell phone use while driving. A majority of states and the District of Columbia have also implemented laws prohibiting any use of wireless communication technologies by young novice drivers. In some states, these laws are a part of the GDL system and apply to drivers who have not yet obtained a full license; in other states, they apply to all drivers under a certain age (typically 18) irrespective of the type of license held. Researchers have generally focused on licensing and crash data to gauge the effectiveness of GDL programs (as well as other laws intended to improve traffic safety), while others have used surveys and focus groups to gauge attitudes and behaviour among teens and parents. Whereas the protective restrictions, rather than actual enforcement, are thought to be central to the success of GDL programs, the perception that GDL violations are enforced remains an important component. Research in North Carolina found a lack of knowledge and concern about police enforcement of GDL restrictions among teens in the GDL system. Studies investigating the effects of North Carolina’s law banning mobile communication device use by drivers under 18 years of age found no short or long term effects on cell phone use by teen. These studies found that a majority of teens were aware of the law, but at the same time, teens and parents perceived that it was rarely being enforced. While parents are essentially the primary enforcers of these restrictions, the threat of police enforcement may help increase compliance. Moreover, police may be in a better position than parents to enforce restrictions on teen mobile communication device use, as opposed to restrictions such as passenger limits. Difficulties with enforcing age- or licensure stage-specific laws, however, have been documented. This study investigated citations for violations of teen mobile communication and GDL restrictions in North Carolina. Citations for such violations in Washington State, where the mobile communication restriction is part of the GDL system, were also explored. (Author/publisher)
Samenvatting